Different ways
to measure a mind.

Otis Gamma-style mixed reasoning

GET follows the Otis Gamma tradition of compact, group-administered mental-ability testing. Arthur S. Otis developed tests that could be given to many examinees together; his self-administering series appeared in the early 1920s. This collection preserves the GET question set and scoring used by CognitiveTesting.

• Verbal reasoning
• Numerical reasoning
• Spatial reasoning

Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability

Arthur S. Otis developed the self-administering examinations after his work on group intelligence testing during the First World War. The Higher Examination was published by World Book Company in 1922 and revised in 1928. Its printed directions and compact answer format supported classroom and other group administrations.

• Vocabulary
• Arithmetic
• Logical reasoning

AGCT

The U.S. Army developed the AGCT in 1940 to help classify recruits for training and military assignments. It became a central part of the Army’s Second World War personnel system, continuing the group-testing work begun with Army Alpha and Beta.

• Vocabulary
• Arithmetic
• Block counting

International Cognitive Ability Resource

David M. Condon and William Revelle introduced the initial validation of ICAR in 2014. The project created a public-domain resource for cognitive-ability research, allowing researchers to share and develop assessment materials across studies.

• Series
• Matrices
• Verbal reasoning
• 3D rotation

CWQ · 50 questions in 12 minutes

CWQ follows the brief personnel-testing format associated with E. F. Wonderlic’s work in the 1930s. Its questions and scoring belong to the CognitiveTesting edition, bringing that style of rapid mixed-ability examination to an online form.

• Verbal reasoning
• Numerical reasoning
• Logic
• Checking

Eight-section group examination

Army Alpha was developed during the First World War by the U.S. Army’s psychological examining program, led by Robert M. Yerkes. It made large-scale written group testing a central tool for examining recruits. Form 5 and its directions were reproduced in the early Army testing manuals.

• Directions
• Arithmetic
• Verbal reasoning
• General information

Seven-section nonverbal examination

Army Beta was created alongside Army Alpha for recruits who could not readily take the written English-language examination. Its demonstrations and visual tasks established an influential early model of group-administered nonverbal assessment.

• Visual reasoning
• Coding
• Mazes
• Construction

Scale A, Form 1

The National Intelligence Tests grew from a National Research Council project to bring the experience of wartime group testing into schools. M. E. Haggerty, Lewis M. Terman, E. L. Thorndike, Guy M. Whipple, and Robert M. Yerkes developed the scales, published in 1920.

• Arithmetic
• Language
• Classification
• Coding

Color–form A, Color–form B, and Ladders

Walter F. Dearborn developed group examinations for schoolchildren at Harvard. His 1920 series used pictures, marks, and orally presented directions to reach pupils at different school levels. This selection contains Color–form A, Color–form B, and the Ladders number-memory test.

• Color and form
• Directions
• Number memory

Original Stanford revision

Lewis M. Terman’s Stanford revision extended the Binet–Simon scale and published its procedures in The Measurement of Intelligence in 1916. Its age-level organization and mental-age scoring became a major influence on individual intelligence testing.

• Language
• Memory
• Reasoning
• Performance

Seventeen original designs

Samuel C. Kohs developed block-design tests as a performance-based way to examine reasoning. His 1923 monograph, Intelligence Measurement, published the designs, administration method, and scoring tables for this examination.

• Spatial analysis
• Construction
• Problem solving